Machine Language:
It is the lowest and most elementary level of
Programming language and was the first type of programming language to be
Developed. Machine Language is basically the only language which computer Can
understand. In fact, a manufacturer designs a computer to obey just one
Language, its machine code, which is represented inside the computer by a
String of binary digits (bits) 0 and 1. The symbol 0 stands for the absence of
Electric pulse and 1 for the presence of an electric pulse . Since a computer
is Capable of recognizing electric signals, therefore, it understand machine
Language.
Advantages of Machine Language
i) It makes fast and efficient use
of the computer.
ii) It requires no translator to
translate the code i.e.Directly understood by the computer
Disadvantages of Machine Language:
i) All operation codes have to be
remembered
ii) All memory addresses have to be
remembered.
iii) It is hard to amend or find
errors in a program written
In the machine language
iv) These languages are machine
dependent i.e. a particular
Machine language can be used on only one type of computer
Assembly Language
It was developed to overcome some of
the many
inconveniences of machine language.
This is another low level but a very important language in which operation
codes and operands are given in the form of alphanumeric symbols instead of 0’s
and l’s. These alphanumeric symbols will be known as mnemonic codes and can
have maximum up to 5 letter combination e.g. ADD for addition, SUB for
subtraction, START,LABEL etc. Because of this feature it is also known as
‘Symbolic Programming Language’. This language is also very difficult and needs
a lot of practice to master it because very small
English support is given to this language. The language
mainly helps in compiler orientations. The instructions of the Assembly
language will also be converted to machine codes by language translator to be
executed by the computer.
Advantages of Assembly Language
i) It is easier to understand and use as compared to
machine language.
ii)It is easy to locate and correct errors.
iii) It
is modified easily
Disadvantages of Assembly Language
i) Like machine language it is also
machine dependent.
ii) Since it is machine dependent therefore programmer
Should have the knowledge of the hardware also.
High Level Languages
High level computer languages give formats close to English
language and the purpose of developing high level languages is to enable people
to write programs easily and in their own native language environment
(English). High-level languages are basically symbolic languages that use
English words and/or mathematical symbols rather than mnemonic codes. Each
instruction in the high level language is translated into many machine language
instructions thus showing one-to-many translation
FEATURES
A high level language allows the programmer to create code that is similar to English. It is sometimes known as tight-English as the commands use only have ONE meaning.
All high level languages must use a method of creating machine instructions that the computer can understand. There are two methods of translation - interpreted and compiled.
High level languages are portable. They can be easily adapted to produce machine code for different platforms - operating systems.
A high level language allows the programmer to create code that is similar to English. It is sometimes known as tight-English as the commands use only have ONE meaning.
All high level languages must use a method of creating machine instructions that the computer can understand. There are two methods of translation - interpreted and compiled.
High level languages are portable. They can be easily adapted to produce machine code for different platforms - operating systems.
Types of High Level Languages
Many languages have been developed
for achieving different variety of tasks, some are fairly specialized others
are quite general purpose.
These are categorized according to
their use as
a) Algebraic Formula-Type Processing. These languages are oriented
towards the computational procedures for solving mathematical and statistical
problem
Examples are
·
BASIC
(Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code).
·
FORTRAN
(Formula Translation).
·
PL/I
(Programming Language, Version 1).
·
ALGOL
(Algorithmic Language).
·
APL
(A Programming Language).
b) Business Data Processing:
·
These
languages emphasize their capabilities for maintaining data processing
procedures and files handling problems. Examples are:
·
COBOL
(Common Business Oriented Language).
·
RPG (Report Program Generator
b) String and List Processing: These
are used for string manipulation including search for patterns, inserting and
deleting characters. Examples are:
·
LISP
(List Processing).
·
Prolog
(Program in Logic).
Object Oriented Programming Language
In OOP, the computer program is
divided into objects. Examples are:
·
C++
·
Java
e) Visual programming
language: these are designed for building Windows-based
applications Examples are:
·
Visual
Basic
·
Visual
Java
·
Visual
C
Advantages
of High Level Language
Following are the
advantages of a high level language:
·
User-friendly
·
Similar to English with vocabulary of words and symbols
·
Therefore it is easier to learn.
·
They require less time to write.
·
They are easier to maintain.
·
Problem oriented rather than 'machine' based.
·
Program written in a high-level language can be translated into
many machine language and therefore can run on any computer for which there
exists an appropriate translator.
·
It is independent of the machine on which it is used
i.e.Programs developed in high level language can be run on any Computer
Disadvantages
of High Level Language
·
A high-level language has to be translated into the
machine language by a translator and thus a price in computer time is paid.
·
The object code generated by a translator might be inefficient
Compared to an equivalent assembly language program
·
Types of computer
languages
As we human beings communicate with each others in different language such as Urdu, French, Punjabi and Arabic etc. Similarly to communicate with the computers we have to use specific languages and for this...
As we human beings communicate with each others in different language such as Urdu, French, Punjabi and Arabic etc. Similarly to communicate with the computers we have to use specific languages and for this...
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